Saturday 7 July 2018

An Overview Of Maneuver Warfare

By Matthew Ellis


When it comes to choosing battle strategies, military tacticians often have a wide range of options. One strategy that has been deployed in the battlefield countless times is maneuver warfare. Evidence of its use can be drawn from the wars that General Napoleon Bonaparte fought to modern conflicts. It is a strategy that chiefly relies on incapacitating an opposing force by impacting its ability to make key decisions. It is more of a shock and awe strategy.

Warfare is all about maneuver and attrition. Both sides make attempts to surprise each other with the endgame being the capture or killing of enemy forces. Over the years, it has been established that the maneuver strategy works best with several small military units that are well trained technically. Smaller units bear a smaller risk of attrition, hence the reason for this. They are also able to deploy a flanking strategy in their attack, thereby creating confusion in the opposing camp.

In a typical battle, success is bound to be determined by how many enemy forces an army kills, the number of equipment it destroys and the amount of territory it seizes. In an attrition battle, both groups show little creativity in attack. An attack that embodies the element of surprise is bound to be successful as it forces the attacked party to panic and retreat. The ensuing melee gives the attackers enough latitude to recapture lost ground and meet their core objectives.

Napoleon is one general who went down in history as being successful in the deployment of shock and awe tactics in battle. Through this tactic, he would easily overwhelm numerically superior forces. He would instruct his troops attack quickly so as to create shock in the enemy camp and immobilize it.

A good example is the France and Austria conflict in Northern Italy, a battle in which Austria had a larger army. The French, commanded by Napoleon, overwhelmed the Austrians by launching rapid attacks against their units, thereby giving them very little reaction time. After his victory, several other generals copied him in their battles.

The mechanization of movement in the 1850s brought about a new challenge to the implementation of the strategy. Warring factions could finally match their speeds. This development necessitated the creation of a new battle plan, albeit based on the same strategy. Attacking troops would encircle their enemies and quickly destroy their strong points, thereby rendering them incapacitated.

Much of the success that the German army enjoyed in the first half of the Second World War can be directly attributed to the adoption of rapid maneuvering techniques. By then, tanks were the core of the modern infantry. German panzer units, under the command of Erwin Rommel, would attack enemy infantry units in rapid unexpected bursts. This tactic was later called the Blitzkrieg or Lightning Attack.

Nevertheless, the strategy is not short of limitations. It primarily relies on precision, both in terms of enemy personnel and equipment. The Israelis deployed it during the 2006 Lebanon War against Hezbollah. However, they lacked the intelligence to locate the top command of Hezbollah and obliterate it.




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